DSpace Collection: B.Sc. Microbiology

EXAMINATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTAMINATION IN MARKET- SOURCED FILOPALUDINA BENGALENSIS FROM JHAPA, MORANG AND SUNSARI DISTRICTS, EASTERN NEPAL.

Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Title: EXAMINATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTAMINATION IN MARKET- SOURCED FILOPALUDINA BENGALENSIS FROM JHAPA, MORANG AND SUNSARI DISTRICTS, EASTERN NEPAL. Authors: KAFLE, SMARIKA Abstract: Heavy metal pollution from contaminated water sources threatens aquatic life and human health. In eastern Nepal where Freshwater Snails (Filopaludina bengalensis) are commonly consumed as an edible mollusc, these pollutants may be absorbed into the snails through polluted waters which could cause harm to those who consume them and to assess the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) present in snails sold at various markets in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari districts in eastern Nepal, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to measure the levels of these metals and statistical analysis was carried out to compare the levels of each metal within each of the sampled locations and also to find the association between Pb and Cd. A comparison of the average amount of Pb and Cd measured indicated that Pb was significantly greater than Cd at all the sampling locations. At Site 3, the highest overall concentration of heavy metals was observed while Site 5 demonstrated the lowest concentrations of heavy metals of both Pb and Cd. One-way Anova and Kruskal Wallis Tests revealed significant variation in Pb and Cd levels among sample sites (p<0.05). Analysis of paired comparisons confirmed that Pb levels were always greater than Cd levels at each site. However although there was a moderate positive association between Pb and Cd levels over sites this association was not statistically significant. These observations provide evidence for regional variations in the degree of contamination by heavy metals in Filopaludina bengalensis obtained from markets in eastern Nepal, also with lead being more problematic than cadmium in terms of contamination. Therefore, the results represent important baseline data on the levels of heavy metal contamination in commercially harvested freshwater snails and highlight the need for continued monitoring of freshwater foods for public health protection and improved food safety management in Nepal Description: FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Bsc.) IN BIOLOGY

ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST OF Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES OF BIRATNAGAR, NEPAL

Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST OF Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES OF BIRATNAGAR, NEPAL Authors: Baniya, Sushant Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogen both within the hospitals and community. In addition the prevalence of methicillin resistant strains of S. aureus has become the major threat in most of the countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infections caused by S. aureus as well as MRSA strains and determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A constituent and localized study was carried out from August to December 2021 at MEH, Biratnagar, Nepal. 220 S. aureus was isolated from 856 clinical specimens. Staphylococcus was identified by the biochemical tests and coagulase test was performed as the confirmatory test of the bacterium. Among the isolates Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified by using the Cefoxitin (30 µg) disc diffusion method followed by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2012) guidelines. Among 220 isolates, 56.36% (n=124) were from inpatients and 43.64% (n=96) were from outpatients. Likewise, 62.73% (n=138) were from male patients and 37.28% (n=82) were from female patients. Antibiogram of all 220 S. aureus strains showed effectiveness as: chloramphenicol (74.09%) the most effective drug, followed by Clindamycin (73.18%) and meropenem (70.91%), and the least effective drug was found to be erythromycin (35.45%). Frequency of MRSA, using cefoxitin discs, was found to be 48.64% (n=107) whereas, vancomycin was found to be 100% effective. Out of 107 MRSA strains, the maximum number of strains (n=58) were isolated from the inpatients.. High Prevalence of Staphylococcal and MRSA infections in hospital patients manifested the demand of frequent inspection avoiding the random consumption of antibiotic on any such infections. Key Words: , , , , Description: A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree of Master of Science in Microbiology (Medical)

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Escherichia coli ISOLATES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION FROM PATIENTS VISITING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF MORANG, NEPAL

Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Escherichia coli ISOLATES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION FROM PATIENTS VISITING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF MORANG, NEPAL Authors: Rauniyar, Milan Abstract: Antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is an emerging public health problem. Bacteria may be innately resistant or may acquire resistance to antibiotics. Culture and antibiotics susceptibility testing of urine is an important tool for the diagnosis of infection and monitoring antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogen. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Escherichia coli and assess their antibiotic resistance pattern. This study was conducted in Surksha Hospital, Biratnagar, among suspected UTI patients from January to June 2021. Altogether, 400 urine samples were analyzed by the semi-quantitative culture method and uropathogens were identified by conventional methods. A total of 109 E. coli were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. Out of 400 samples, 48.75% gave significant growth while 25.5% shows no growth, 24.5 % shows non-significant growth and 1.5 % shows mixed growth. The distribution of UTI is the most common among the age group 16-49 years. E. coli was found to be the most predominant isolate (55.5%) followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (12.8%) and Enterococcus fecalis (4.1%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin while cephalexin was the least effective. Out of 109 E. coli isolates, 90.8% were MDR strains. E. coli showed a higher rate of resistance toward commonly used oral antibiotics. However, nitrofurantoin is still active against E. coli. Thus, nitrofurantoin could be the choice for empirical therapy of UTIs. Description: A Dissertation Submitted to The Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal In Partial the Requirements for the Award Of Degree of Masters of Science in Microbiology (Public Health)

DETECTING TOLERANCE OF Bacillus Subtilis TO THE COMMERCIALLY USED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES

Fri, 07 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: DETECTING TOLERANCE OF Bacillus Subtilis TO THE COMMERCIALLY USED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES Authors: Yonghang, Saraswati Abstract: Bacillus subtilis is an aerobic, spore forming, rod shaped, Gram positive soil bacterium. It is mostly found in soil and vegetation with an optimal growth temperature from 25-35℃. They produce endospores that allow the survival of extreme environmental conditions including heat and desiccation. Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. The term pesticide includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides etc. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. Because of extended persistence of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides in soil, slow rate of decomposition most of the pesticide residue remain in soil. It is desirable that actual or potential effect upon the soil microflora to be investigated. Hence, main motive of this research was isolation and biochemical characterization of Bacillus subtilis having Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial (PGPR) characteristics from agricultural soil and detecting its tolerance on different pesticides. The bacterial strain was obtained with positive results of Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase degradation, citrate utilization, motility test, VP, starch hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis test. The growth promoting activity of bacterial strain was determined by Indole Acetic Acid production test, showed positive test. It was found that Bacillus subtilis was able to tolerate all the pesticide except Mancozeb where it did not show any growth in in-vitro examination. Enumeration of cfu/g soil by periodical interval by serial dilution method (108 cfu/g) showed that all Bacillus isolates were able to grow first 45 day time interval. The number got increased and become higher at the interval of 90 day of inoculation then bacterial number got decreased at 135 day of inoculation. All soil inoculated bacterium with pesticide showed tolerance and gave positive growth in its number. The result of the study showed that the Bacillus spp are very good plant growth promoting agent with great potentiality to grow on pesticide polluted soil. Description: A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuwan University, Dharan, Nepal In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree Master of Science in Microbiology (Agriculture)