http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/6 B.Sc. Microbiology Sun, 19 Apr 2026 20:19:55 GMT 2026-04-19T20:19:55Z http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/286 Title: ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST OF Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES OF BIRATNAGAR, NEPAL Authors: Baniya, Sushant Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogen both within the hospitals and community. In addition the prevalence of methicillin resistant strains of S. aureus has become the major threat in most of the countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infections caused by S. aureus as well as MRSA strains and determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A constituent and localized study was carried out from August to December 2021 at MEH, Biratnagar, Nepal. 220 S. aureus was isolated from 856 clinical specimens. Staphylococcus was identified by the biochemical tests and coagulase test was performed as the confirmatory test of the bacterium. Among the isolates Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified by using the Cefoxitin (30 µg) disc diffusion method followed by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2012) guidelines. Among 220 isolates, 56.36% (n=124) were from inpatients and 43.64% (n=96) were from outpatients. Likewise, 62.73% (n=138) were from male patients and 37.28% (n=82) were from female patients. Antibiogram of all 220 S. aureus strains showed effectiveness as: chloramphenicol (74.09%) the most effective drug, followed by Clindamycin (73.18%) and meropenem (70.91%), and the least effective drug was found to be erythromycin (35.45%). Frequency of MRSA, using cefoxitin discs, was found to be 48.64% (n=107) whereas, vancomycin was found to be 100% effective. Out of 107 MRSA strains, the maximum number of strains (n=58) were isolated from the inpatients.. High Prevalence of Staphylococcal and MRSA infections in hospital patients manifested the demand of frequent inspection avoiding the random consumption of antibiotic on any such infections. Key Words: , , , , Description: A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree of Master of Science in Microbiology (Medical) Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/286 2023-06-25T00:00:00Z http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/285 Title: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Escherichia coli ISOLATES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION FROM PATIENTS VISITING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF MORANG, NEPAL Authors: Rauniyar, Milan Abstract: Antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is an emerging public health problem. Bacteria may be innately resistant or may acquire resistance to antibiotics. Culture and antibiotics susceptibility testing of urine is an important tool for the diagnosis of infection and monitoring antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogen. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Escherichia coli and assess their antibiotic resistance pattern. This study was conducted in Surksha Hospital, Biratnagar, among suspected UTI patients from January to June 2021. Altogether, 400 urine samples were analyzed by the semi-quantitative culture method and uropathogens were identified by conventional methods. A total of 109 E. coli were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. Out of 400 samples, 48.75% gave significant growth while 25.5% shows no growth, 24.5 % shows non-significant growth and 1.5 % shows mixed growth. The distribution of UTI is the most common among the age group 16-49 years. E. coli was found to be the most predominant isolate (55.5%) followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (12.8%) and Enterococcus fecalis (4.1%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin while cephalexin was the least effective. Out of 109 E. coli isolates, 90.8% were MDR strains. E. coli showed a higher rate of resistance toward commonly used oral antibiotics. However, nitrofurantoin is still active against E. coli. Thus, nitrofurantoin could be the choice for empirical therapy of UTIs. Description: A Dissertation Submitted to The Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal In Partial the Requirements for the Award Of Degree of Masters of Science in Microbiology (Public Health) Sun, 25 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/285 2023-06-25T00:00:00Z http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/280 Title: DETECTING TOLERANCE OF Bacillus Subtilis TO THE COMMERCIALLY USED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES Authors: Yonghang, Saraswati Abstract: Bacillus subtilis is an aerobic, spore forming, rod shaped, Gram positive soil bacterium. It is mostly found in soil and vegetation with an optimal growth temperature from 25-35℃. They produce endospores that allow the survival of extreme environmental conditions including heat and desiccation. Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. The term pesticide includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides etc. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. Because of extended persistence of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides in soil, slow rate of decomposition most of the pesticide residue remain in soil. It is desirable that actual or potential effect upon the soil microflora to be investigated. Hence, main motive of this research was isolation and biochemical characterization of Bacillus subtilis having Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial (PGPR) characteristics from agricultural soil and detecting its tolerance on different pesticides. The bacterial strain was obtained with positive results of Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase degradation, citrate utilization, motility test, VP, starch hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis test. The growth promoting activity of bacterial strain was determined by Indole Acetic Acid production test, showed positive test. It was found that Bacillus subtilis was able to tolerate all the pesticide except Mancozeb where it did not show any growth in in-vitro examination. Enumeration of cfu/g soil by periodical interval by serial dilution method (108 cfu/g) showed that all Bacillus isolates were able to grow first 45 day time interval. The number got increased and become higher at the interval of 90 day of inoculation then bacterial number got decreased at 135 day of inoculation. All soil inoculated bacterium with pesticide showed tolerance and gave positive growth in its number. The result of the study showed that the Bacillus spp are very good plant growth promoting agent with great potentiality to grow on pesticide polluted soil. Description: A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuwan University, Dharan, Nepal In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree Master of Science in Microbiology (Agriculture) Fri, 07 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/280 2023-04-07T00:00:00Z http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/278 Title: STUDY OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Azotobacter sp. FROM PANCHAKANYA FOREST AND IT’S SURROUNDING AREA. Authors: Phattepuri, Susmita Abstract: The forest ecosystems provide critical and diverse services and values to human society. As primary habitat for wide range of species, forests support biodiversity maintenance and conservation. We cannot understand about forest without the knowledge of forest soil. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to study about the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soil of Panchakanya forest and its surrounding area. 30 soil samples from 5 different locations of Panchakanya forest and 5 different locations surrounding Panchakanya forest were collected and analyzed for physical properties (moisture content, water holding capacity, pH, bulk density, electric conductivity), soil texture (sand, silt and clay) and chemical properties (carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen). Total plate count was done to study about the microbial load of each sample. Different species of Azotobacter was isolated and identified according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. To establish the correlation between the physico-chemical variables and organism, the canonical analysis (CA) was performed. Most of the soil samples were loamy sand having mean moisture content of 24.33%, mean water holding capacity of 60.5% mean bulk density of 1.24 gm/cm3 and mean electric conductivity of 0.246mS/cm. Most of the soil samples were slightly acidic to neutral. The value of mean soil nitrogen was 0.1016%, organic carbon was 1.99%, mean phosphorus content was 2.278mg/l, mean potassium content was 44.85ppm, mean SMBC was 808.75 mg/kg and mean SMBN was 16.108 mg/kg. The value of total plate count ranged from 9×105 cfu/ml to 79×107 cfu/ml. After the study of colonial characteristics and microscopic examination, 27 isolates of Azotobacter were found. Further biochemical tests confirmed 20 isolates of Azotobacter sp. And among them 10 species were A. chroococcum, 6 species were A. vinelandii and 4 species were A. beijerinckii. The canonical analysis suggested that the physico-chemical variables such as soil texture (sand, silt and clay), organic carbon, pH, bulk density, potassium, nitrogen and electric conductivity are highly associated with organism (TPC) but negatively related to soil microbial vii biomass carbon. In the contrary, variables of gravel, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and moisture content are not associated with organisms. Description: A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree Of Masters of Science in Agriculture Microbiology Tue, 04 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://202.45.146.37:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/278 2023-04-04T00:00:00Z